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Unit 2 Smart Cars
Background Information
Language Focus
Part Division of the Text
Proverbs and Quotations
Questions and Answers
Text Analysis
True or False
Useful Expressions
Background Information
Automobile Industry
Intelligent Transportation System
Automobile Industry
The automobile industry is one of the most important industries in the world, affecting not only economies but also cultures. It provides jobs for millions of people, generates billions of dollar in worldwide revenues, and provides the basis for a multitude of related service and support industries. Automobiles revolutionized transportation in the 20th century, changing forever the way people live, travel, and do business.
Between 1886 and 1898, about 300 automobiles were built, but there was no real established industry. A century later, with automakers and auto buyers expanding globally, automaking became the world's largest manufacturing activity, with more than 53 million new vehicles built each year worldwide.
Automobile manufacturers are among the largest companies in the world. These corporations are often multinational. These companies often share parts, or use parts made in foreign factories. The U.S. automobile industry produced 16.8 million vehicles in 1999. The three major automobile manufacturers in the United States – General Motors Corporation, Ford Motor Company, and Daimler Chrysler AG – provide three fourths of the industry's total direct employment in the United States.
Global Positioning System
Global Positioning System is a space-based radio-navigation system, consisting of 24 satellites and ground support. GPS provides users with accurate information about their position and velocity, as well as the time, anywhere in the world and in all weather conditions.
GPS determines location by computing the difference between the time that a signal is sent and the time it is received. GPS satellites carry atomic clocks that provide extremely accurate time.
As of March 1994, 24 GPS satellites were in operation. Replenishment (补给) satellites are ready for launch, and contracts have been awarded to provide satellites into the 21st century. GPS applications continue to grow in land, sea, air, and space navigation. The ability to enhance safety and decrease fuel consumption will make GPS an important component of travel in the international airspace system. Airplanes will use GPS for landing at fogbound (为浓雾所困的) airports. Automobiles will use GPS as part of intelligent transportation systems. Emerging technologies will enable GPS to determine not only the position of a vehicle but also its altitude.
Intelligent Transportation System
Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) refers to transportation systems which apply emerging hard and soft information systems technologies to address and alleviate (缓解) transportation congestion problems. For example, using advanced surveillance (监视) systems, the early stages of a traffic bottleneck situation can be detected, and traffic can then be directed to other routes to mitigate (减轻) the congestion and to provide faster and more efficient routes for travelers. New technologies enable this type of surveillance and guidance response to occur in real time, and therefore, to allow potential congestion situations to be addressed before they develop into serious traffic jams.
Language Focus
We may encounter some difficult words or phrases in reading. Shall we consult the dictionary immediately An efficient reader will make a guess based on knowledge of word-formation or knowledge of the word in the context.
For example, can you guess the meaning of "blind spot" Read the whole sentence again.
Should you make a serious driving mistake (e.g., change lanes when there is a car in your "blind spot") the computer would sound an immediate warning.
There might be an accident if you change lanes when there is a car in your "blind spot". How could it happen How come you don't know the existence of the car It must be that you cannot observe the car from the rear-view mirror. Here comes the possible meaning of "blind spot": a portion of the road behind a car, which a driver cannot observe from the rear-view mirror.
Now try to guess the meanings of "Global Positioning System" (L. 42) and "atomic clocks" (L. 46).
Word-formation may also provide much information about the meaning of a word.
For example, what is telematics The prefix "tele-" means "distant", the suffix "-matics" may be the end part of "informatics". So telematics must be a branch of knowledge concerned with long-distance transmission.
Now try to guess the meanings of "prototype" (L.29) and "interstate" (L. 67).
Part Division of the Text
GPS and "telematics" will make it possible to build smart highways, which will benefit us in more than one way.
56~80
3
With the aid of advanced technology, smart cars will be so designed that they can help eliminate traffic accidents, determine their own precise locations and warn of traffic jams.
15~55
2
New technology will have a dramatic impact on cars and highways in the 21st century.
1~14
1
Main Ideas
Lines
Parts
Proverbs and Quotations
Activity is the only road to knowledge.
行动是通往知识的唯一道路.
Love is ever the beginning of knowledge as fire is of light.
知识总是从爱好开始,犹如光总是从火开始一样.
Knowledge is a treasure, but practice is the key to it.
知识是一座宝库,而实践是开启宝库的钥匙.
The foundation of knowledge must be laid by reading. General principles must come from books, which, however, must be brought to the test of real life.
--Samuel Johnson, British writer
读书是积累知识的基础.基本原理来源于书本,但须经实际生活的检验.
——英国作家 S. 约翰逊
Imagination is more important than knowledge.
--Albert Einstein, American Scientist
想象力比知识更为重要.
——美国科学家 A. 爱因斯坦
Questions and Answers
How important was the automobile industry in the 20th century
Did the automobile industry change a lot in the last seventy years
What will happen to cars and roads in the 21st century
Why does the author say the key to tomorrow's "smart cars" will be sensors
Text Analysis
1.Sales of the automobile industry stand at about a trillion dollars, making it the world's biggest manufacturing industry.
1)How do you understand the word "stand"
2)Translate the sentence into Chinese.
汽车工业的销售额达一万亿美元左右,从而成为世界上最大的制造业.
2.lucrative: adj. producing much money; profitable
This is a lucrative business.
我们和一家美国公司做大米进口的生意,赚了些钱.
We made a lucrative business with the American company on rice imports.
3. manufacture: vt.
1) make goods on a large scale using machinery
This firm manufactures cars.
在工厂制造产品
to manufacture goods in a factory
2) invent; make up
You'll have to manufacture some kind of excuse.
她编了一段谎话来掩盖事实.
She manufactured a false story to hide the facts.
Cf: manufacture & make
这两个词都是动词,都有制造之意.
Manufacture 使用范围较窄,既可指通过使用工业机械,亦指粗制滥造以一种机械的方式创作,制作或完成.例如:
His books seem to have been manufactured rather than composed.
他的作品像是被机器加工出的,而不是创作的.
make通过且非正式,可用于所有的制造过程.例如:
He made a model plane out of wood.
他用木头做了一架模型飞机.
4.The key to tomorrow's "smart cars" will be sensors.
Paraphrase the sentence and pay attention to the structure "the key to sth".
The crucial element of the future smart cars will be sensors.
5.approximately: adv. More or less exactly
The car accident happened at approximately 7:45 a.m.
Approximate: adj. fairly correct or accurate but not completely so
The approximate number of demonstrators in front of the municipal office building was 900.
大概的时间是三点钟.
The approximate time is three o'clock.
6.Should you make a serious driving mistake (e.g., change lanes when there is a car in your "blind spot") the computer would sound an immediate warning.
Analyze the structure of this sentence.
"Should" is often used in subordinate clauses after if – it makes an event sound less probable.
For example:
If you should see Harry, give him my regards. (You might see him.)
In British English, the structure "if + subject + should + verb" is often replaced by "Should + subject + verb".
For example:
Should you see Harry, give him my regards.
7.eliminate: vt. remove, esp. sb/sth that is not wanted or needed; get rid of
The police have eliminated all the other suspects.
她已被取消了参加游泳比赛的资格.
She has been eliminated from the swimming race.
Pattern: eliminate sth from sth.
Can we ever eliminate hunger from the world one day
8.in the air: in the earth's atmosphere; uncertain, not yet decided
There is a strange smell in the air.
Hundreds of birds suddenly rose in the air.
我们的计划尚未确定.
Our plans are still in the air.
9. start up: begin or begin working, running, happening, etc.
Put the key in the ignition and turn it to start the car up.
玛丽发动引擎,向她的家乡驶去.
Mary started up the engine and drove for her hometown.
10.alert:
1. vt. warn sb that there may be danger, trouble, etc.
Pattern: alert sb to sth
The doctor alerted me to the dangers of smoking.
警察警告我有危险.
The policeman alerted me to the danger.
2. adj. attentive; watchful
Pattern: be alert to danger
The squirrels are quite alert to dangers.
Cf: alert & attentive
Alert 指思维敏捷而高度集中,注视着可能发生的事件,尤其是危险的,恐怖的事件,并迅速做出反应.例如:
A hunting-dog must be alert. 猎犬必须很机警.
The guards were alert to any danger. 哨兵警惕着一切危险的情况.
Attentive 强调能够把注意力集中于某事上而不分心,不走神.例如:
I wish you would be more attentive to what your teacher has told you. 希望你能多注意老师对你说的话.
He was absolutely attentive to research into the cause of cancer. 他专心致志研究癌症的起因.
3.n. a condition or period of heightened watchfulness or preparation for action
Pattern: on the alert
The hunters are on the alert for wolves
11.To eliminate this, a tiny camera hidden in the dashboard can be trained on a driver's face and eyes.
You must be familiar with the word "train", but how do you understand the word in this sentence
Here "train" means to focus on or aim at.
12.prototype: n. the first model or design of sth from which other forms are copied or developed
prototype equipment
prototype machine
prototype model
proto-前缀,表示"最初的,原始的",例如:
protocluster 原星团(cluster 丛)
protogalaxy 原星系(galaxy 星系,银河)
protovirus 原始病毒(virus 病毒)
13.monotonous: adj. dull and never changing or varying; constant and boring
The teacher's voice was so monotonous that it sent me to sleep.
我在汽车工厂的工作颇为单调乏味. My job in the car factory is rather monotonous.
14.hazard: n. a thing that can be dangerous or cause damage; a danger or risk
There are many serious hazards associated with smoking.
穿越非洲的旅行有许多危险.
There are many hazards in a journey across Africa.
Collocation:
at all hazards 不顾一切风险;在任何情况下
in hazard 在危险中,受到威胁
by hazard 偶然,碰运气
be on the hazard 在危险中
15.Sensors in your car tuned to radio signals from orbiting satellites can locate your car precisely at any moment and warn of traffic jams.
Paraphrase the sentence.
There are sensors in the car and they are tuned to radio signals which come from orbiting satellites. The sensors can locate the car and warn of traffic jams.
16.They make it possible to determine your location on the earth to within about a hundred feet.
Translate the sentence into Chinese.
通过这些卫星我们有可能以小于100英尺的误差确定你在地球上的方位.
17. vibrate: v. (cause sth to) move rapidly and continuously backwards and forwards; shake
Tom's heavy footsteps upstairs made the old house vibrate.
The hammers strike the piano strings and vibrate them.
当司机发动了发动机时,公共汽车颤动着.
The bus vibrated when the driver started up the engine.
18.frequency: n. the rate at which sth happens or is repeated, usu. measured over a particular period of time
Accidents are happening with increasing frequency.
This radio signal has a frequency of 800,000 cycles per second.
科学家正试图计算出这个地区地震发生的频率.
The scientists are trying to calculate the frequency of earthquake in this district.
19.convert: v. change from one form or use to another
Pattern: convert sth to/into sth.
I want to convert some Hong Kong dollars into American dollars.
Coal can be converted to gas.
那座楼房改成学校了.
That building has been converted into a school.
20. (Some of them locate a car's position by correlating the rotations in the steering wheel to its position on a map.)
Explain how the navigational facilities help locate the car's position.
They locate the car's position by establishing the relation between the rotations in the wheel and the car's position on a map.
21. "The commercial industry is poised to explode,"
1. What does the "commercial industry" refer to
It refers to the industry to which GPS is applied commercially.
2. Paraphrase the sentence.
The commercial industry is bound to develop rapidly and be prosperous.
22.correlate: vt. Have a mutual relationship or connection, in which one thing affects or depends on another
Research workers find it hard to correlate the two sets of figures.
Smoking and lung cancer are closely correlated.
Pattern: correlate sth with sth
They are trying to find out if these behavior patterns correlate with particular changes in diet.
把理论与实践联系起来.
correlate the theory with practice
23.drastically: adv. In a drastic way
Drastic: adj. having a strong or violent effect
Drastic measures are needed to improve the performance of the company.
法国革命带来剧烈的社会变动.
The French Revolution brought about drastic social changes.
24.application: n. the action or an instance of putting a theory, discovery, etc. or practical use
The application of new scientific discoveries to industrial production methods usually increases efficiency.
这项新发明的应用将给公司带来巨大的利润.
The application of the new invention will bring great profits to the company.
25.be poised to do: be ready to take action at any moment
It is reported that U.S. forces are poised to attack Iraq.
The automobile company is poised to launch its new advertising campaign.
26. On an eight-mile stretch of Interstate 15 ten miles north of San Diego,…
1. How much do you know about the Interstate in the U.S.
Interstate is one of a system of highways extending between and connecting the major cities of the United States.
2.What does "stretch" mean
It means a continuous or unbroken length.
3.Translate the sentence into Chinese.
在圣迭戈以北10英里的15号州际公路一段8英里长路面上…
27.mount: v. fix (sth) in position for use, display or study; put (sth) into place on a support
Mounting the engine in this way was an improvement.
她把照片裱贴在她的日记本上.
She mounted the photograph on the back of her diary book.
28.magnetic: adj.
1) having the properties of a magnet
The iron has lost its magnetic force.
Cotton is not magnetic.
2) having an unusual power or ability to attract
他有吸引人的个性.
He has magnetic personality.
29.take control of: control
The new manager didn't know how to take control of his company.
The government has taken control of all the newspapers.
30. By 2010, telematics may well be incorporated into one of the major highways in the United States.
1) Paraphrase the structure "may well be".
It is very likely that…
2) Translate the sentence into Chinese.
到2010年,远程信息技术很可能应用于美国的一条主要公路.
31. bunch:
1) v. group together (both active and passive)
The captain told the players not to bunch together.
The children were all bunched together in the corner of the room.
我们聚在火炉周围取暖.
We bunched around the fire for warmth.
2. n. a group of items or individuals gathered or placed together
A bunch of grapes
A bunch of keys
A bunch of flowers
32.incorporate: vt. make sth part of a whole
He newly published book incorporates his earlier essay.
他成为该大学的一员.
He was incorporated a member of the college.
我们将把你的建议编到新计划中去.We will incorporate your suggestion in the new plan.
33. decrease: v. become or make sth smaller or fewer
They are making further efforts to decrease military spending.
今年在校的儿童人数减少了.The number of children in the school has decreased this year.
Opposite: increase
Cf: decrease, reduce & lessen
这几个词都是动词,都有"减少"之意.
decrease 一词使用广泛,特指数量的减少.
例如:
The number of traffic accidents decreased last year. 去年交通事故的数量减少了.
Water consumption had to decrease to avoid a drought. 水的消费量必须减少,以避免水荒.
Reduce 词义很广.既可指大小,数量,范围或程度的缩小,也可指等级,地位或经济状况的下降.例如:
They reduced the size of the apparatus by two-thirds.他们把该装置的体积缩小了三分之二.
This has greatly reduced the threat presented by typhoons. 这大大减少了台风造成的威胁.
Lessen是比较正式的用词,用于客观地表示程度,价值或数量的减少,而不带任何偏见.例如:
Production in the textile industry has also lessened sharply. 纺织工业的产量也已急剧下降.
The value of money lessens during inflation. 通货膨胀时货币贬值.
34.expansion: n. the process of becoming greater in size, extent or importance
Under heat, the metal undergoes considerable expansion.
His book is an expansion of the play he wrote before.
这些是扩大我们学校建筑的计划.These are plans for the expansion of our school building.
True or False
Scan Text A and decide whether the following statements are true or false.
There are so many people killed in the car accidents that car accidents reports can be found in newspaper nearly everyday. (F)
The number of people that are killed or badly injured in car accidents is so vast that we don't even bother to mention them in the newspaper anymore.
A smart car can alert the driver if he becomes drowsy. (T)
The computer in the car will totally eliminate the cases of getting lost and getting stuck in traffic. (F)
The computer can have a positive impact on these problems, but it is unlikely to cure them.
The computer in the car sends out a radio signal that can be detected by a satellite. (F)
The satellite sends out a radio signal that can be detected by a receiver in a car's computer.
By establishing the relation between the rotations in the steering wheel and the car's position on a map, the computer can tell us where the car is. (T)
Useful Expressions
计算机革命 the computer revolution
制造业 manufacturing industry
长途司机 long-distance driver
被严重低估 be grossly underestimated
威胁生命的重大隐患 life-threatening hazard
解决问题 cure the problem
积极的影响 a positive impact
与无线电信号调谐 be tuned to radio signals
在任何一个特定时间 at any given time
量子理论法则 the laws of the quantum theory
精确的频率 precise frequency
发出无线电信号 send out a radio signal
换算出 be converted into
导航能力 navigational capability
几乎无限 virtually limitless
手杖 walking sticks
遥控 remote control
潜在的应用 potential use/ application
要求 call for
完全控制 take complete control of
被编成组 be bunched into groups
一齐行驶 travel in unison
对环保有利 environmental boon
The end! Thanks for you time!
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